Research
A plain-language rundown, based on peer-reviewed research.
What Is Psilocybin Actually Studied For?
Psilocybin research has grown a lot in the last decade, and it’s worth knowing what the science actually shows — not the hype, the actual data. Here’s a plain-language rundown, based on peer-reviewed research, with an emphasis on meta-analyses (studies that pool results across many trials, which give a more reliable picture than any single study on its own).
Depression
Depression and anxiety related to serious illness
Substance use (alcohol and tobacco, mainly)
Other areas — early and emerging, not yet well-established
Who Can Request a Session? Do I need a diagnosis?
What Regulation Provides
Colorado's regulated system creates accountability around the entire Natural Medicine Experience, including facilitator education and qualifications, participant screening, preparation, administration, integration, ethics, professional conduct, cultural considerations, continuing education, payment, documentation, and safety.
The medicine itself is also subject to testing and regulatory requirements, providing greater certainty about what is being administered. We cannot make the experience predictable, but we can reduce uncertainty about the medicine itself, including how much is being taken.
And it provides an established framework for responding to medical emergencies. Most experiences do not involve an emergency, but if one occurs, your safety comes before protecting the secrecy of the experience.
For me, regulation is not about taking the soul out of Natural Medicine work. It is about creating a structure strong enough to hold it.
Touch Is Explicitly Defined
Touch can be meaningful during a Natural Medicine experience, but it can also be deeply vulnerable. For that reason, touch in this space is never assumed or improvised.
Before the experience, we will clearly explain and demonstrate how touch may be used and establish an explicit touch agreement with each participant. You will know what kinds of touch may occur, where touch may occur, and how to communicate if you want touch to stop or change. We will make sure that this agreement is understood before the experience begins.
Touch is limited to three areas: the hands, feet, and shoulders. No other areas of the body will be touched by facilitators.
Your agreement to touch is not a blanket agreement. You can change your mind at any time, and you never need to explain why.
The purpose of these boundaries is not to make the experience rigid. It is to create enough clarity and safety that you can let go into your own experience without having to wonder what might happen next.
Your experience belongs to you.
Training Is Never Finished
Working responsibly with powerful medicines requires more than completing an initial training.
Colorado's regulated system requires ongoing education and professional development, including ethics education and current Basic Life Support certification. Consultation and continued learning provide opportunities to learn from colleagues, experienced practitioners, emerging research, and the people we serve.
I believe that is exactly as it should be.
This is a young and rapidly evolving field. We are still learning about these medicines, their potential benefits, their risks, and the many ways people respond to them.
Everyone working in this field should keep learning. I know I will.
Holding Mystery Without Abandoning Rigor
I have enormous respect for the mystery of Natural Medicine experiences.
People may encounter something psychological, spiritual, mystical, symbolic, relational, neurological, or something they simply don't have words for. I don't think we need to prematurely decide which explanation is the “right” one.
We can remain curious.
We can also remain rigorous.
Wonder and science can be friends.
For me, the regulated space creates room for both: the rigor of good healthcare and the mystery of experiences we do not fully understand.
The goal is not to control what happens or tell you what your experience means.
A Container With Boundaries
Natural Medicine experiences can involve profound vulnerability. That makes boundaries particularly important.
My approach is intentionally non-directive. I am not there to tell you what your experience means, convince you that it was spiritual or that it wasn't, or interpret every vision, emotion, or sensation for you.
Your beliefs about spirituality, religion, consciousness, healing, and non-ordinary states are your own.
I aim instead to support an unfolding, inner-directed process, one in which your own perceptions, questions, emotions, memories, insights, and meaning-making have room to emerge.
- Sometimes the most helpful thing a facilitator can do is listen.
- Sometimes it is to help you feel safe.
- Sometimes it is to remind you that you don't have to figure everything out right now.
Who Can Request a Session? Do I need a diagnosis?
One thing that surprises people: Colorado's regulated Natural Medicine program does not require a diagnosis, a referral, or a prescription. Unlike traditional psychiatric treatment, you don't need to be sick to access this work. Every participant still goes through a full health and safety screening — but the reason you're seeking a Natural Medicine Experience doesn't have to be a diagnosed mental health condition.
Every participant still goes through a full health and safety screening
The Colorado Natural Medicine Health Act itself describes this work in broad terms — including counseling, spiritual guidance, community-based healing, and personal growth, not just treatment of illness. In practice, people come to this work for reasons like:
- Working through depression, anxiety, grief, or trauma
- Processing a difficult diagnosis or major life transition
- Wanting to quit drinking or smoking
- Feeling stuck: creatively, relationally, or in a sense of life direction
- Spiritual exploration or a desire to understand consciousness more directly
- General curiosity and a wish for guided, supported self-exploration
You don't need to justify your reason to anyone in clinical terms. Part of my job is helping you get clear on your “why” for the work.
Why a Regulated Space?
“Why pay for a regulated experience when you could just take mushrooms with your cousin Marsha in her basement?”
There is thoughtful, compassionate, and important work happening outside formal systems. Many people have found meaningful support in unregulated or “underground” and community-based psychedelic spaces, and I deeply respect the people who have carried this work forward.
At the same time, I believe there is real value in the structure Colorado has created around natural medicine.
Because when people become deeply vulnerable, the container matters.
What does container mean?
By “container,” we mean the physical, relational, and ethical environment created around an experience: the boundaries, expectations, safeguards, and support that help a person feel safe enough to be vulnerable.
Natural Medicine experiences can profoundly alter perception, emotion, cognition, and our sense of self. They can also increase openness and suggestibility. In that state, a facilitator can have enormous influence over how someone understands what is happening to them.
That power deserves humility.
A facilitator can unintentionally or intentionally shape the meaning someone assigns to an experience, influence important decisions, blur relational boundaries, or position themselves as an authority on spiritual or psychological truths. In a field where extraordinary experiences can be interpreted in extraordinary ways, there is particular value in having clear ethical standards and professional boundaries.
I don't believe a facilitator should be the authority on someone else's inner experience.
That's one of the reasons I chose to work within Colorado's regulated natural medicine framework.
Bibliography
Bibliography
- Fang, S., Yang, X., & Zhang, W. (2024). Efficacy and acceptability of psilocybin for primary or secondary depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15, 1359088.
- Singleton, S. P., Sevchik, B. L., Lahey, A., Cuijpers, P., Harrer, M., Jones, M. T., Nayak, S. M., Strain, E. C., Vandekar, S. N., Dworkin, R. H., Scott, J. C., & Satterthwaite, T. D. (2025). Psilocybin treatment for symptoms of depression: A living systematic review, meta-analysis, and data resource. medRxiv.
- Hieronymus, F., López, E., Werin Sjögren, H., & Lundberg, J. (2025). Control group outcomes in trials of psilocybin, SSRIs, or esketamine for depression: A meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open, 8(7), e2524119.
- Vargas, A. S., Luís, Â., Barroso, M., Gallardo, E., & Pereira, L. (2020). Psilocybin as a new approach to treat depression and anxiety in the context of life-threatening diseases — A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Biomedicines, 8(9), 331.
- van der Meer, P. B., Fuentes, J. J., Kaptein, A. A., Schoones, J. W., de Waal, M. M., Goudriaan, A. E., Kramers, K., Schellekens, A., Somers, M., Bossong, M. G., & Batalla, A. (2023). Therapeutic effect of psilocybin in addiction: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1134454.
- Meshkat, S., Malik, G., Zeifman, R. J., Swainson, J., Balachandra, K., Reichelt, A. C., Zhang, Y., Burback, L., Winkler, O., Greenshaw, A., Vermetten, E., Mayo, L. M., Tanguay, R., Jetly, R., & Bhat, V. (2025). Efficacy and safety of psilocybin for the treatment of substance use disorders: A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 173.
This is not an exhaustive literature review, just a representative sample of the strongest, most recent meta-analyses and systematic reviews. Research in this space moves quickly, so I’d treat this list as a snapshot rather than any kind of authority.
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Monday – Friday: 10am – 6pm
Saturday: 3pm – 6pm